With Apologies to Dean Swift

I offer my own modest proposal.

An 11-year-old Florida student shot a smart-phone video of a teacher bullying a fellow student, publicly and in the classroom.  This same teacher has a Facebook page on which she posts photographs taken in the classroom.  The school’s principal also runs a Facebook page for the school, again featuring in-classroom media.

The student shot and publicized the video, thereby getting the teacher fired — as the teacher deserved to be.  The school’s principal then suspended the student, citing an alleged violation of the teacher’s “expectation of privacy.”  In a classroom.  Full of students.  In connection with a raised-tone-of-voice, everyone-in-ordinary-earshot-can-hear exchange with a student.  A public school teacher, paid by the taxpayers’ money.  You can’t make this shit up.  The thug rocket-scientist school principal is named Traci Wilke.

Although the student’s suspension was lifted before the five days were up, you really have to ask why this transparently improper punishment was meted out to a student who did nothing more, it seems, than identify someone who needed to be weeded out from the rest of the teaching profession.  Actually, we don’t need to ask, not at all.  As the linked article describes it, this was neither more nor less than “an obvious attempt at intimidation.”  See, kiddoes?  You mess with one of us, you mess with all of us.  Shut and keep your head down.  The NEA code of omerta strikes again.

It is gratifying to report that the student’s family has already hired a lawyer.  Part of any settlement agreement should requiring the principal to be fired and to execute a consent order agreeing never again to seek or accept any employment from any school or school system, at least in Florida and preferably nation-wide.  Someone whose sense of justice and propriety is so warped should never be entrusted with any group of people who by law are restricted in their ability to fight back.

But more to the point, how about this for a state-level fix?  A very simple statute:

“(a)  Except as expressly set forth in this section, all actions and omissions of any person holding any office or position, howsoever characterized, under the constitution or laws of this state, or of any political subdivision thereof, or of any agency or instrumentality thereof, in respect of all offices or positions so held by such person, shall be public matters of public import and concern.

(b)  Notwithstanding any provision of the law of this state or of the United States to the contrary, no person holding any office or position, howsoever characterized, under the constitution or laws of this State, or of any political subdivision thereof, or of any agency or instrumentality thereof, shall have or claim any expectation of privacy or other privacy interest, howsoever characterized, in respect of any matter arising from, relating to, or connected with such person’s holding of such office or position.  There shall be no cause of action under any theory whatsoever in favor of any such person for the otherwise lawful gathering, recording, storing, publication, or other dissemination of any information in respect of such person’s actions or omissions in respect of any office or position so held by such person.

(c)  The acceptance by any person holding any office or position under the constitution or laws of this State, or of any political subdivision thereof, or of any agency or instrumentality thereof, of any compensation, perquisite, or other benefit of such office or position, of any kind, character, or description whatsoever shall conclusively be deemed to constitute a waiver, for all purposes and to the fullest extent permitted by any applicable law, of any claim to or expectation of privacy in respect of such person’s actions or omissions in respect of such office or position and otherwise existing under any provision of the laws of this state or the United States.

(d)  The provisions of this section shall not supersede — 

      (i)  those provisions of the law of this state specifically exempting from public disclosure items of personal information generally exempted from disclosure pursuant to the provisions of ____________________; 

      (ii) the laws of this state in respect of defamation; or,

      (iii)  the laws of this state in respect of the permissible methods of visual or audible recording of the speech or actions of another person.”

Reference in the blank would be to the statutes containing that state’s public records disclosure statutes, and to the exemptions from them (in other words, just because you happen to be a state judge doesn’t mean your Social Security number ought to be disclosable).  On the other hand, I don’t see why that state judge should be able to claim an expectation of privacy as to any matter having anything to do with that judge’s execution of his office.

Note that “not having an expectation of privacy” is most emphatically not the same thing as “subject to public disclosure upon demand.”  A right of privacy is a right that is personal to you.  To use an example from private life:  I have no personal interest in the privacy of my communications with my clients.  Those communications are protected by the attorney-client privilege, but that’s a privilege that (a) belongs to the client, not me, and (b) can be waived by the person to whom it belongs.  Thus, our hypothetical state judge’s deliberations, either with his fellow judges (on a multi-judge tribunal), or his law clerk, or even a buddy of his who happens to be a judge elsewhere, may not be subject to forcible disclosure by some member of the general public.  But if a secretary (or law clerk, or just Joe Bloggs who happens to overhear the judge talking in a restaurant) hears the judge and his buddy sitting around a table discussing how best to screw a political enemy, or ruling a particular way in order to “send a message” to some person or group, and decides to record it, then by God that’s a public service for which the person recording should be commended (and the judge impeached and then disbarred, of course).  The judge himself should not be heard to allege that his “privacy” was invaded by someone catching him violating the trust of his office.  As Traci Wilke, whom I’ll just go ahead and declare to be the most fire-able principal in America as of this afternoon, has done.

Just my humble contribution to the good of the public.

[Update 31 Mar 15, 12:39 p.m.]:  In my discussions-in-chambers hypothetical, the judge’s not having a right of privacy in those matters is also not the same thing as public disclosure of them not being a firing offense, unless protected by a whistleblower statute or similar common law rule.  Again, it’s not the judge as an individual firing the discloser, but rather an agent of the state, and what is being punished is not some violation of the judge’s legitimate privacy interest, but rather a violation of a law to keep confidential matters that are in fact and (if otherwise lawful) ought to be exempt from public disclosure.  The long and short is that everything you do and say in your capacity as a public official belongs to your government and to the people who have constituted that government.  It does not belong to you and you have zero — absolutely bugger all — right to keep it under wraps to protect yourself.  Therefore no disclosure of it can injure you in your personal capacity.

Of Course, I am not in This, Anywhere

I was supposed to have been here, this past Monday.

Instead, I cancelled my plans because on 3 February I had a jury trial set to start.  It was going to run every bit of all week and maybe longer.  My travel plans would have had me leaving the following Tuesday, 10 February.  I’d have been leaving then because I wanted to be in Dresden for the 70th anniversary of the bombing.  Every year on the anniversary everyone turns out in downtown holding candles, and at 10:14 p.m., when the first bombs began to fall, every church bell in town lights off.  I’ve seen video clips of it, and it’s extremely impressive and moving, even on a small screen.  I’d wanted to be there, and I’d wanted to take my older two boys with me.

We’d have got to Frankfurt on Wednesday morning and spent that day getting to Dresden.  Thursday and Friday I’d have showed them around the city.  Friday night would have been the memorial, and then Saturday in the train over to Freiburg.  Sunday I would have showed them daddy’s old stomping grounds, then Rosenmontag on Monday.  I have a standing invitation to crash with a law skool classmate who currently lives outside Stuttgart (his boy is my godson), so we’d have done that Tuesday and Wednesday, then fly back Thursday morning.

But I had no reasonable assurance that damned trial would finish in time.  I couldn’t ask for a continuance, either.  I’m the plaintiff and this was already the third setting of a suit we filed in January, 2006.  It was first set in June, 2013, and twice at the defendants’ request got continued.  Another continuance and my clients would hang me from a lamp post.  Justifiably.

So I cancelled my plans, on the one year when Rosenmontag and February 13 were going to fall in the right order and close enough together.  Next year Rosenmontag will be February 8, meaning February 13 will be the following Saturday.  So I’d have to fly out the preceding Thursday, February 4 (flying on a Friday is extortionately expensive; ditto Monday), and stay until February 16.  I don’t know I’ll be able to take that kind of time off.  I don’t know if my children will be able to take that kind of time off.

But at least I’ve got that damned trial out of the way, right?

Wrong.  The morning before we were to start picking a jury, the judge conference-called all the lawyers and announced she was continuing it until June.  Because.

So I am nowhere to be seen in that video, and I have lawyering to thank for it.  What a grand thing it is to be a lawyer.  Get to screw up what might turn out to be a once-in-a-lifetime trip for you and your children, and for what?  I guess I can comfort myself that at least the poor judge didn’t have to hear a case unwillingly.

Layers of Fact Checkers

Part of the knock of the Legacy Media on the blogosphere is its supposed inaccuracy, nay irresponsibility.  The just-say-anything-to-draw-the-clicks ethos of the bloggers stands in marked contrast, we are told, to the flaying gauntlet of editors and fact-checkers which even the slightest statement by A Journalist must endure before it sees the light of day.

Thus, we can all assume that everything we see or hear that comes from the Legacy Media is holy writ.  This especially applies to statements which characterize large numbers of people, in large areas, and over prolonged periods.  Because, of course, it would be the height of unethical behavior to make some inflammatory statement about an extremely sensitive topic (irrespective of to whom sensitive), and because it would be unethical we can rest assured that it does not happen.  Not with the Legacy Media.  No sirree.

Then, of course, we have this from CBS News (the same folks who brought you “fake-but-true” with their flagship 60 Minutes show in 2004, when they tried to throw a U.S. presidential election).  It’s a piece about a documentary which re-examines a killing in a small Florida town in 1952.  A black woman walked into a white doctor’s office and shot him dead.  At her trial a very sordid story came out, involving a prolonged sexual liaison between the doctor and the woman, and drugs either taken by or inflicted upon the woman and supplied by the doctor, the effect of which were, either separately or together, sufficiently mind-altering that the woman eventually beat the death penalty with an insanity plea at a retrial.  She’d been sentenced to death at her first trial.  The Florida Supreme Court in State v. McCollum, 74 So.2d 74 (Fla. 1954), reversed and awarded a new trial.  Apparently at that time it was within the court’s discretion to order that the jury physically view the location of a homicide.  The trial court so ordered, but then the judge voluntarily blew off the viewing, such that a portion of the trial proceedings necessarily occurred outside the judge’s supervision.  This was reversible error.

I’ll note, by the way, that this was small-town South in 1952, at the very beginnings of what became the final push in the civil rights movement.  A time during which whites all over the South (and north as well . . . recall that Brown v. Board of Education’s full style continued: “. . . of Topeka, Kansas”) were at general quarters to defend the system of legalized oppression which we all know now as Jim Crow.  At the risk of understatement, were I a defense lawyer I sure wouldn’t want to have to save my black client’s neck with an insanity defense in that place at that time.  Too hard to prove; too laden with visceral antipathy (I mean, think about it: that plea has never had good press, not with any defendant and not at any time).  And yet this defendant, while convicted, was spared the death penalty on that basis.  So maybe the racial dynamics of the place and time weren’t quite as simplistic as the CBS News article implies.  I can’t say for sure, although the two data points, viz. hang-’em-high all-white jury (interestingly the article gives the all-white racial make-up of the first jury, but says nothing about the second . . . you’d think that any high school newspaper reporter would ask — and answer — that question) and successful insanity plea, don’t inhabit the same logical space very well.

What I object to in the CBS News article, however, is this statement:   “The slaying stirred racial tensions in Jim Crow-era Suwannee County, when robed Ku Klux Klansmen regularly marched through Main Street in a show of force and lynchings were common in the Deep South.”  Were they in fact “common”?  Does anyone know?

Someone does know, and it only takes five seconds to type in the Google search term to find out.  The Tuskegee Institute (scarcely an errand boy of the Klan, we can safely assume) began keeping records of lynchings, everywhere in the United States, beginning in 1882.  They tracked it by year and by race of victim.  Here’s a summary of their data.  The last year in their database is 1968, so they covered 86 years total.  From 1882 through 1968 they show 4,742 total lynchings, almost 73% of the victims of which are given as black (I’m surprised the proportion is that small; I would’ve figured somewhere north of 95%).  So we can test whether “lynchings were common in the Deep South” during the years around 1952.  Mathematics and all, dontcha know.  For the twenty-one years centered on 1952 (ten before and ten after, plus the year itself, or 24.4% of the entire period for which the Institute keeps the data), the Tuskegee Institute shows, nationally, 32 lynchings, or not quite two-thirds of one percent of the total, with three of the victims shown as white.  To put it in perspective, almost a full quarter of the years covered accounts for less than two-thirds of one percent.  For the period 1952 through 1968 inclusive the Institute shows ten lynchings.  Suprisingly, three of those victims were white.  That was something that really surprised me when I first looked at their data.

To borrow an expression that’s become pretty commonplace in recent months about the supposed “epidemic” of rape on college campuses, “Even one is too many.”  That’s certainly true of rape, and it’s equally true of lynchings.  On the other hand, you cannot look at the data and come to any conclusion other than that by 1952, lynchings were very nearly if not absolutely a thing of the past, all but vanished from the American landscape.  Inclusive of the year that Ruby McCollum whacked either her rapist or her paramour (depending on whose story you believe), there remained a further ten to record, just over two-tenths of one percent of the total lynchings since 1882.  I defy anyone to make an argument that they were therefore “common” anywhere in the United States in 1952, or even terribly frequent during the twenty-one years including and surrounding that year.

But hey, who cares about mere numbers, when you’ve got a narrative to get out there?

Layers of fact-checkers my left foot.

The Case for an Elected Judiciary

From time to time you hear much moaning about how election of judges somehow introduces “politics” and “money” into the pristine world of the judiciary.  It’s an “attack on the independence” of the judges, we’re told.  It corrupts the process, we’re told.

I don’t think you can deny that election of judges introduces a political element into that branch of government.  Of course it does.  On the other hand, the appointment of judges is also highly politicized, and anyone who doesn’t think that happens is a drooling imbecile who does not deserve to be taken seriously.

Here in my own humble federal district we have two egregious examples.  One of our U.S. district court judges is married to a fellow who just happened to be one of the chief fund-raisers for a very prominent politician from around here.  A national, and even to some extent, world-wide prominent politician.  The fellow’s wife, who did not and does not enjoy any particular reputation for brilliance either as a lawyer or judge, somehow got herself on the local bankruptcy court bench (where the debtors’ lawyers found her to be dumb even by that court’s standards), and then equally magically fleeted up to the district court bench.  Where she will be until she drops dead or gets tired of it.  Another lawyer around here is a big union lawyer (that’s hard to do in a right-to-work state where unions have never been strong and are even weaker now); his firm even has the little union “bug” at the foot of its stationery.  His wife, whose practice revolved heavily around leveraging local political connections and who is equally undistinguished otherwise, is now on the federal appellate court for our circuit.  To pretend that either of those individuals got where they are by any means other than pure money politics is insulting to the listener.

Well, if both methods are riven with politics and money, what is the material point of distinction (if any)?  I’ll suggest the point of distinction lies in the answer to who makes up their constituency.  Is it the voters of the state at large, or is it a coterie of political insiders, mutually assisting each other to prominence through government connections?  I know which I prefer.  If a judge is going to have to suck up to someone to get his job, I’d just as leave that someone be me.

Can we agree that both election and appointment are, except in the single respect outlined above, indistinguishable on the issue of the role played by politics and money?  So how about garden-variety competence?  I pay attention to what happens in the court systems, both federal and state around here.  It’s sort of my job.  For the life of me I cannot tell that either method of selection is better about putting highly competent, highly ethical, and highly . . . judicial (for want of a better adjective) candidates on the bench.  Neither seems to do very well at picking all-stars or avoiding idiots.  Neither seems to do very well at picking judges who will not play favorites, or home-cook, or interject their personal politics into their decisions.  Neither does a very good job at identifying and avoiding those susceptible to black-robe fever.  In fact, the only argument in favor of either method of selection is that short of drawing lots for compulsory judicial service, no method conceivable and practicable would be any better at those things than the two we’ve got.

Does that leave us with anything to choose between the two?  I suggest we do have such a point on which to base a decision.  Which of the two methods makes it easier to get rid of the objectionable judges?  I think popular election to be the hands-down winner there.  Granted, it’s not easy.  Very, very few judicial recalls succeed, at least at the appellate level.

Rose Byrd out in California took it in the shorts a number of years ago, for her habitually far-left decisions.  Penny White in Tennessee paid the price for an outrageous capital punishment decision, when that supreme court ruled that, as a matter of law, an escaped felon’s raping a 70+ year-old virgin, stabbing her, and leaving her to bleed to death on the rear floor of her own car was not sufficiently “heinous, atrocious, and cruel” (as I think the relevant statute provided) as to support a death penalty.  As a matter of law, and bugger what twelve jurymen who’d heard all the proof, seen all the witnesses, and then unanimously decided otherwise had to say.  A couple of years ago a group of judges in either Kansas or Nebraska got run out of town, but just this month three supreme court judges in (once again) Tennessee survived a very well-financed effort to show them the door.

Un-election of trial-level judges is not always that difficult, but you still have to find a lawyer who’s willing to run and willing to deal with the fall-out of an unsuccessful effort.  Any candidate who’s willing to challenge an incumbent has to ask himself how well his practice is likely to do if he makes an enemy of the fellow he made actually run.  And if the incumbent is also tight with the other judges on that court, you have to ask what will that do to a lawyer’s livelihood if suddenly everyone in town knows that whenever a decision on any particular point could go one way or the other, that particular lawyer will never see one go his way.  The result of course is that you very seldom see a challenge made to an incumbent unless he’s commonly despised by both the bar and his colleagues.  While not a fool-proof standard, most judges don’t receive that degree of contempt unless they’ve well earned it.

Appointment, on the other hand, and especially lifetime appointment, produces statements like this, from a sitting U.S. Supreme Court justice:  According to Justice Ginsburg the “turmoil” in Ferguson, Missouri indicates that there is “a real racial problem” in America.  And the court is doing “little to help.”  This, by the way, from someone whose exposure to the lives and problems of ordinary Americans is likely limited to something asymptotically approaching zero.  She’s got no more clue as to how people in Ferguson (or in 99.9998% of other American towns, for that matter) live than she does of how Marines survive in modern combat.  So we can agree that she’s comfortable running her mouth about things that are closed books to her.

Where her comments really suggest that she could do with a contested election is her statement to the effect that once upon a time, the philosopher-kings of the Supreme Court were “leader[s] in rooting out discrimination,” citing specifically one of the worst-reasoned cases in recent decades, the Duke Power case, as what once was and should still be the court’s approach to “rooting out” things it doesn’t like.  Duke Power formally accepted the proposition that actionable discrimination can exist where a facially-neutral rule (such as, we have to assume in Ginsburg-land, “Do not beat police officers so badly you fracture their skull and they have to go to a hospital”) has a “disparate impact” on an identifiable group which you happen to favor, because their volitional behavior under or in response to that rule produces results that are distasteful to them, or as the ABA cheerleaders characterize the approach, “to evaluate polices that are neutral on their face but have a disproportionate impact on minorities.”

Notice, by the way, how the concept of “minorities” is divorced from the concept of “behavior” and “choices made.”  Here, let’s try another policy that is “neutral on its face” but that has a measurable “disproportionate impact” on “minorities”:  the rule that only licensed attorneys are eligible for most judicial office.  Obviously that policy is going to preclude the overwhelming majority of the “minorities” that are presently in favor with  the extreme-leftists of the ABA from holding judicial office.  For instance, a terrifying proportion of black males are convicted felons by the time they hit age 35 (if they live that long).  You can, and people do, honestly debate the policy of the statutes under which they are most frequently convicted (read: “war on drugs”), but unless something changes, those statutes are in fact the law and conviction of their violation in fact does establish you as a convicted felon.  Period.  And in pretty most states, convicted felons are for all practical purposes ineligible for admission to the bar, even if they pass through law school walking on water and parting it for those who can’t.  The alleged policy of restricting judicial office to lawyers is that supposedly only lawyers can be trusted not to bugger up decisions that impact people’s lives and fortunes.  I might accept that, except that for generations that was not the law and I’m not aware that the quality of jurisprudence back then was identifiably worse than it is now.  Further, a felon can lose his law license by reason of his conviction.  He’s not a lawyer any more, but you can’t show that his having been convicted has made him a damned bit less learned in the law.  Alternatively, you can know a boat-load about the law without ever holding a law license.  Case in point:  Herb Wechsler, one of the most respected constitutional scholars of the last half-century (he taught at Columbia) was not a lawyer.  Further, unless you’re willing to accept the proposition that all lawyers are equally qualified to be judges <sound of snot bubble blowing and bursting>, then you cannot allege that merely holding a law license qualifies you for judicial office.  Oh, but the Deep Thinkers will respond, that’s why you restrict the selection process to responsible political leaders, who will vet nominees and who will hold exhaustive confirmation hearings to ensure that Only the Best Need Apply.  Remind me again how holding a law license enables that process to work as designed?  Is a legislative panel unable to tell a numb-skull when presented with one unless he holds a law license?  Does holding a law license somehow make your character more transparent, so that an Alcee Hastings will sit revealed as a criminal when he comes before a senate judiciary committee (answer: no)?

In short, you’ve got a rule that has absolutely no verifiable relationship with the ill which it is supposed to avert, and yet which automatically excludes millions of Americans from holding judicial office.  So why then is it not unconstitutional, on a disparate-impact test, to require a law license for a judge?

I admit the lawyers-only rule is an extreme example.  Let’s look at something more prosaic:  school disciplinary rules.  The United States Department of Education now formally takes the position that even if neutral rules of discipline are administered absolutely, perfectly impartially, if members of a favored group get disciplined under them more frequently, that in and of itself can establish discrimination under the “disparate impact test.”  Let’s go to the money quotation:  “Schools also violate Federal law when they evenhandedly implement facially neutral policies and practices that, although not adopted with the intent to discriminate, nonetheless have an unjustified effect of discriminating against students on the basis of race. The resulting discriminatory effect is commonly referred to as ‘disparate impact.'”  Lest Gentle Reader think I’m cherry-picking an upper-level summary and quoting it out of context:  “Examples of policies that can raise disparate impact concerns include policies that impose mandatory suspension, expulsion, or citation (e.g., ticketing or other fines or summonses) upon any student who commits a specified offense – such as being tardy to class, being in possession of a cellular phone, being found insubordinate, acting out, or not wearing the proper school uniform[.]”

Thus, even if a black child who takes a baseball bat to a school locker is neither more nor less likely to be punished, and at an indistinguishable level of severity, than the child of Korean immigrants who similarly amuses himself, if just by the numbers more black children are punished under that rule because more black children engage in that behavior, then the rule is constitutionally suspect.

Justice Ginsburg thinks this is a swell way to run a school.  I’ll kiss your ass under every red light in town if either her children or grand-children have ever had to try to learn geometry in a classroom run along those lines.

Oh but “disparate impact” is harmless, Gentle Reader might say.  I mean, c’mon — school rules?  Can’t you think of something weightier than school rules?  Show me something with some substance to it.  Show me something where tip-toeing around a minority because that’s what they do actually has caused someone some harm.  Show me, in short, a reason to think that fuzzy-headed thinking like Ginsburg’s actually poses a risk to ordinary people in ordinary circumstances.

By curious happenstance, I can.  There’s a city in England, Rotherham, of about 250,000 people.  Roughly 8% of its population is Pakastani (whom the politicians and newspapers insist on describing as “Asian,” as if they were indistinguishable in their habits from the folks living in Rotherham whose ancestors came from Hong Kong).  For 16 years now the police and the town council have been fully aware (in fact numerous written studies were commissioned and completed) that organized gangs of Pakistani males, ages 20-30, have been systematically preying on white girls as young as 11 and 12 years old, gang-raping them, whoring them out, and generally sexually exploiting them.  Books, in fact, have been written by survivors; they have been interviewed and those interviews published.  As long ago as 2007.  The minimum known number of victims is around 1,400, although the true number is likely to be well in excess of that.  One thousand four hundred.  One of the children referenced in one of the many official reports was having sex with up to five men . . . at age 12.  One of the perps was caught with a pre-teen victim, drunk in his car, and with naked pictures of her on his cell phone.  She was 12 at the time (she was already known to the police; they’d identified her at age 11 as having sex with adult males); he walked.

All this was known.  Known to the police.  Known to the child welfare agencies.  Known to the town council.  And not a damned one of them did anything.  Not.  One.  Goddam.  Thing.  Why not?  Well, let’s let the MP from Rotherham for 18 years tell it like it was:  “Denis MacShane, MP for Rotherham from 1994 to 2012, actually admitted to the BBC’s World At One that ‘there was a culture of not wanting to rock the multicultural community boat, if I may put it like that. Perhaps, yes, as a true Guardian reader and liberal Leftie, I suppose I didn’t want to raise that too hard.'”  But why Pakistani males and English girls?  Surely the Pakistani males could have had much easier access to their own girls, right?  “There are other hopeful signs. The Rotherham scandal seems temporarily to have silenced those who insist, every time a child-grooming case is exposed, that most paedophiles are white. Indeed they are; but the Rotherham abusers were not paedophiles. They were men of Pakistani heritage slaking their lust on young girls they regarded as white trash because they knew they could get away with it.”

Because they could get away with it, and knew they could get away with it.  Because the law was not enforced against them.  “Perhaps we should expect no more when community preservation is outsourced to bureaucracies, but the unavoidable reality is that on many occasions, Rotherham police came upon children being sexually exploited—in some cases, in the very instance of being raped—and arrested no one. The perpetrators are Pakistani; they might call us racists. The children seemed to consent. These gangs are violent.”

In short, because enforcement of the laws against gang-raping 11-year-olds might have had a “disparate impact” on a minority.  In Rotherham we see the logical conclusion of the philosophy that Justice Ginsburg thinks such a wonderful thing.

And this is why we need an elected judiciary.

Maybe I Need to Re-Think my Position

A couple of years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court over-turned a death sentence.  If my memory is correct (and I can’t say with certainty that it is, because I don’t follow such things very closely and in any event I’ve slept since then), the perp had committed a murder for which he was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death.  Given how hard it is to be sentenced to death, it must have been a genuinely horrible crime.  Here was the kicker:  He had been a minor when he committed the crime.  He was tried as an adult.  As I recall, the court had no problem with the decision to try him as an adult, or with the conviction itself.  But it reversed the imposition of the death penalty on (and you’re really taxing my feeble mind now) 8th Amendment grounds, or maybe it was 14th Amendment grounds.  Whatever.  There was a good deal of outrage at the time because the majority opinion specifically rested not so much on American principles of justice and notions of constitutionally permissible state action, but on supposedly international notions of “justice” and what the rest of the world allegedly might think about it.

Back in the 1950s, Chief Justice Earl Warren — a fathead by any reasonable standard — claimed for the court the status of seers, and further effectively ruled that the court’s fevered imaginings had the force of constitutional law.  In Trop v. Dulles, 78 S.Ct. 590, an army private who deserted his unit, in wartime, had been court-martialed and convicted and had been, as prescribed by Act of Congress then in force, deprived of his U.S. citizenship, applied for a passport, which was denied on the basis that he was not a U.S. citizen.  He alleged that denationalization was a “cruel and unusual punishment” proscribed by the 8th Amendment.  Warren agreed.  “The Amendment must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.”  No.  Seriously.  This kind of claptrap passes for constitutional jurisprudence in some quarters.

So it is now with reference to some mystic chords of memory (to borrow one from Lincoln’s First Inaugural) running from the Supreme Court, not to whoever the hell it is in the American polity who determines what is “decency” and how its “standards” “evolve” over time and in which direction (remember that’s very much a two-way street; there was once a time in Germany when trucking millions off to be summarily executed by reason of where they went to church would have been stoutly rejected), but rather to those folks’ international counterparts that we are to derive the extent of our constitution’s mandates and proscriptions.  Color me chauvinistic, but I’m just not sure that’s a real sound idea.  I mean, at the risk of pointing out the obvious, in large areas of the world it’s considered well within the boundaries not only of “decency” but “honor” as well to slit your teenage daughter’s throat because you disapprove of her boyfriend.  In India these days it sure seems to be within standards of public decency to gang-rape not only the local women but tourists as well.  I defy those black-dressed boobs on that bench to articulate for me a morally defensible, logically delimited algorithm for deciding just which standards of international “decency” and notions of “justice” should be engrafted onto a constitutional system that’s done just fine without them for over 200 years, and which we ought to leave be.

On the other hand . . . .  There generally is an other hand, isn’t there?

From 2010 to early 2012, the president of Germany was a chap named Christian Wulff.  He resigned in February of that year in the face of criminal charges of corruption stemming from his days in the government of Niedersaschsen (Lower Saxony).  Without boring Gentle Reader with details, it was a long, drawn-out affair only slightly less salacious than the investigation and impeachment proceedings against Clinton.  They actually took Wulff all the way to trial, earlier this year.  He was acquitted by a jury.

Now a formal request has been made to initiate criminal and disciplinary proceedings against the prosecutors.  The accusations fall into two groups.  The first relates to the relentless pursuit of Wulff himself, with numerous examinations of witnesses, searches, and ever-new, and uniformly irrelevant, avenues of inquiry opening up and being pursued doggedly to their dead-ends.  A large amount of what the prosecutors dredged, plowed, and (see below) leaked, it is alleged, really had nothing at all to do with what Wulff was accused of having done.  Here in America we would call that malicious prosecution, or abuse of process, or most colloquially, “Easter-egging” or “witch hunt.”  The purpose of this ever-expanding dragnet was, according to this accuser, not the illumination of public corruption but the keeping alive of the investigation for its own (political) sake.

The second group of accusations relate to the usual leaking of sensitive personal information, none of it germane to whether Wulff was or was not guilty of public corruption, but the intent and effect of which was personal and political embarrassment.

In short, the German prosecutors are accused of what American prosecutors routinely do.  Only this time, if the justice minister of Lower Saxony bites, the hunter may become the hunted.

Absolute immunity for prosecutorial abuse is a purely judge-made doctrine (did we mention how many judges are former prosecutors?).  It has no foundation in statute or constitutional law.  It has no basis in simple logic.  The dynamics of over-indictment, succinctly described in The Blogfather’s wonderful and highly readable article “Ham Sandwich Nation,” 113 Colum. L. Rev. 102 (2013), is just the tip of the iceberg.  The distressing fact is that a prosecutor who decides to ruin someone’s life either for personal or political reasons is nearly impossible to bring to book.  For every Michael Nifong (he of the Duke lacrosse-rape abomination) there are scores if not hundreds of prosecutors who use highly politicized and publicized prosecutions as nothing more than rungs on their ladders of advancement.  It is all too easy to end up bankrupt, unemployable, one’s family ruined, and generally a social pariah without even getting to a trial, much less being convicted, and with no recourse at all against the person for whom you were nothing more than a canvas on which to paint his “tough on crime” slogan.

Lest one think that this sort of thing just does not happen, I refer Gentle Reader to the story of what FDR’s Internal Revenue Service did to Andrew Mellon, who had been Hoover’s Secretary of the Treasury.  The whole sordid story is told in Amity Shlaes’s The Forgotten Man, which I’ve already linked to a number of times, but which deserves to be read very carefully.

So it will be interesting to see whether these prosecutors in Germany have to answer, personally, for their misbehavior.  If so, then perhaps this precedent will be useful in arguing for some of them evolving international standards of decency to be imported into American law.

Get the Popcorn Ready

. . . because it looks like we may have a show to watch.

A federal judge has rejected the IRS attempt to screen from public scrutiny how it has systematically targeted certain political groups for discriminatory treatment.  The group in this lawsuit is not a Tea Party related group, but a group whose mission is to educate the public on the actual state of affairs in the Middle East, particularly with reference to Muslim efforts to annihilate the state of Israel and slaughter such Jews as they can lay hands on.

Z Street applied for 501(c)(4) status in December, 2009, eleven months into the Era of Hopenchange.  In July, 2010, their counsel spoke with an IRS agent (whether he’s still employed there I’d like to know), who mentioned that the application was going slowly because it had been sent to Washington for “special scrutiny” as being connected to Israel and having views that “contradict those of the administration.”  Get that?  Express a view that Dear Leader doesn’t agree with and you get your very own set of legal rules you have to satisfy.

So Z Street sued.  The IRS took the positions that (i) it had no right to sue, and (ii) the IRS enjoys sovereign immunity.  Seriously.  They filed stuff in court that said that.

The court has now finally ruled that the IRS is talking through its hat.  The complaint squarely challenges the constitutionality of the process, the court ruled; this isn’t just some dispute about tax liability.

As The Blogfather has observed in other contexts, discovery in this one should be fascinating.

My Own Modest Proposal

Over at The Atlantic, via Instapundit, we have a call for judicial fixed terms and, more importantly, a single such term.  Specifically the author advocates a single 18-year term for appointees to the U.S. Supreme Court. Occasion for the cogitations is the 60th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education (sometimes referred to as Brown I) decision which ruled that as at least to public schools, separate was inherently unequal and thus could never satisfy the Fourteenth Amendment’s requirements.  Our author praises the unanimous decision, specifically for the unified front it gave the judiciary in the face of the inevitable ructions which were sure to follow it.  I’d not heard this part, that the court took two entire years to craft a decision that all nine justices could agree on.  The author describes a forum he attended at Yale at which a group of lawyers who had been clerks to those justices talked about the deliberative process and so forth.  All very cozy, and I’m sure it was full of mutual congratulation, as such things drearily are.

What’s not mentioned is the extent to which the process that produced the Brown decision departed from all recognized standards of judicial ethics.  Years ago in law school I first ran across mention of this; not anticipating the internet (perhaps because I didn’t work for Algore at the time?) I didn’t note the citation to it.  But what happened was this:  Brown I was argued twice.  Thurgood Marshall argued for the plaintiffs and John Davis (of Davis & Polk) for the defendant school board.  What I read way back in law school was that at that first argument Davis kicked Marshall’s ass all over the courtroom.  Davis was the pre-eminent Supreme Court litigator of his day; my understanding is that to this day he holds the record for most cases won in that court.  Marshall was just no match for him.  It was Frankfurter who wanted to have the case re-argued, a decision usually presented as being a stalling tactic for the court while it tried to cobble together a unanimous opinion.  But it actually seems that there was another, more sinister purpose:  The order for re-argument “invited” the federal government to submit an amicus brief.  Frankfurter did not disclose to his colleagues that he had been and proposed to remain in close contact with a former clerk at the solicitor’s office, discussing and in fact feeding him in painstaking detail what arguments to use.

Here is one mention of the incident (first page only, the balance apparently being behind paywall).  And here is another. And here is another, over at SSRN.  Since the source of all these is the same — the former clerk himself, in an article published in 1987 in the Harvard Law Review — there doesn’t seem to be much doubt that it happened.  To put it mildly, “[t]his sort of ex parte communication is considered a violation of legal ethics.”  This apparently did not distress either justice or clerk:

“‘I have no easy, snappy response to that view.  In Brown I didn’t consider myself a lawyer for a litigant.  I considered it a cause that transcended ordinary notions about propriety in a litigation.  This was not a litigation in the usual sense.  The constitutional issue went to the heart of what kind of country we are, what kind of Constitution and Supreme Court we have: whether, almost a century after the fourteenth amendment was adopted, the Court could find the wisdom and courage to hold that the amendment meant what it said, that black people could no longer be singled out and treated differently because of their color, that in everything it did, government had to be color-blind.’ He said that he would not defend his discussions with Frankfurter in technical terms.  ‘I just did what I thought was right,’ he said.”

Well.  How about that?  He just followed his “revolutionary consciousness,” to use the expression favored by his philosophical forerunners, the Cheka revolutionary tribunals who scourged the land in 1918-21.

Why are the above reminiscences by a lawyer who should have been disbarred, about a justice who ought to have been impeached, important now?  Because our author over at The Atlantic specifically praises the court that rendered Brown for being politicians.  “The Warren Court that decided Brown had five members who had been elected to office—three former U.S. senators, one of whom had also been mayor of Cleveland; one state legislator; and one governor. They were mature, they understood the law, but also understood politics and the impact of their decisions on society. As a consequence, they did not always vote in predictable fashion.”  He contrasts that with today’s court:  “Now, zero members of the Supreme Court have served in elective office, and only Stephen Breyer has significant experience serving on a staff in Congress. Eight of the nine justices previously were on U.S. courts of appeal. Few have had real-world experience outside of the legal and judicial realm.”

Our author does not stop at just praising specifically politicized jurisprudence when he agrees with the outcome.  He excoriates what he calls politicized jurisprudence when he disagrees with it.  The lengths to which he goes are truly remarkable.  Let’s let him speak for himself:

“Roberts is political in the most Machiavellian sense; he understood the zeitgeist enough to repeatedly assure the Senate during his confirmation hearings that he would strive to issue narrow opinions that respected stare decisis and achieved 9-0 or 8-1 consensus, even as he lay the groundwork during his tenure for the opposite. His surprising ruling on the Affordable Care Act was clearly done with an eye toward softening the criticism that was sure to come with the series of 5-4 decisions on campaign finance and voting rights that lay ahead.”

Get that?  Way back in 2012 Roberts was just a-scheming away, smoothly allaying fears that his politicized judgments would be obnoxious for the lefties, all the while plotting to give free rein to his politicized jurisprudence to run the opposite (wrong) way, because he just knew that all them decisions was going down on 5-4 splits.  To borrow a line from Peanuts, good grief.  Notice, by the way, that he’s also implicitly accusing his dear lefties on the court of the same sin; how else could Roberts have just known that there would be four dissenters in each of those cases?

The solution is to limit tenure on the high court bench to a single 18-year term.  Stagger the terms, so that you won’t get George W. Bush some future president able to stack the entire court during his term(s).

Being the good lefty, our author overlooks the most powerful argument in favor of limiting the time anyone gets to park himself on that bench, even though he states it himself.  To see what I’m talking about, let’s do just a teensy-weensy little editing:  “Few have had real-world experience outside of the legal and judicial realm.”  And there you have the central indictment of the judiciary, certainly at least the federal bench at its senior levels.  Huge numbers of these people are life-time government hacks (no other way to describe them).  They’ve not had to make payroll from their own pocket.  They’ve not had to choose whether to let someone go, cut everyone’s pay a bit, or not make their own house payment.  They’ve not lain awake nights praying that they can get a case settled before their child needs braces, or that the leaking head gasket on that old car will hold out just a few weeks more, so they can replace the office computer server.  In short, they have only the most theoretical notion that any mommocked-up decision of theirs will have any material consequences.  They’re philosopher-kings.

So here’s my own modest proposal.  Every judicial officer (that would include the non-Article III magistrate judges, bankruptcy judges, and administrative law judges) would have an allocation of 25 total years’ government or “non-profit” employment of any kind at any level.  Each day he spends at the public or taxpayer-subsidized teat reduces by one day the length of time he is eligible to be a judicial officer.  If he’s appointed at age 30, then at age 55 he’s off the bench, for good.  If he’s appointed to the bench at age 30, hangs around seven years, and then goes and gets a real job, at age 57 he’s got 18 years of eligibility left.  And in the intervening twenty years he’s got to see how badly things get screwed up for genuine people when philosopher-kings make a pig’s breakfast of their ruminations.  If he goes to work for some cushy “non-profit” “advocating” for “justice” or whatever the hell those outfits do for 15 years, then he gets 10 years.  It ensures turnover and it ensures, to the extent possible at all, that we will have seasoned, mature jurists and not palace eunuchs confusing their whims with constitutional mandate as is presently the case.

[Update (24 May 14):  I suppose I ought to add that segregation needed to go.  I’m not sure I agree with the proposal that separate is inherently unequal (too many counter-factuals can be heaved onto the counter for inspection for that proposition to stand, starting with the Dunbar High School that Thurgood Marshall attended).  No less-respected scholar than Herbert Wechsler famously invited the odium of all the Right Thinkers by declaring that he had racked his mind and could not come up with any logically defensible basis for the Brown ruling.  On the other hand there sure as hell is no honest argument that “separate,” as practiced by those who did so, had for its sole purpose and pretty uniform outcome “unequal.”

I think there were a very great many ways to explode the system of segregation across all of state and local law that didn’t involve doing what the Supreme Court did in Brown (which, as Ilya Somin points out, didn’t actually come out and say it overruled Plessy).

I ought to confess that I’ve never read a book-length treatment of the history of the litigation campaign that produced Brown.  My understanding, however, is that the civil rights litigants had spent years pecking piecemeal at the component systems of segregation and came to the realization that they’d spend eons doing so if they carried on that way.  So they changed strategy and went for the root-and-branch approach.  The way they went about that required the court to adopt the argument — factually incorrect and legally unsupported — that separate was inherently unequal.

Rather than do what it did, how much less violence to law and logic would it have been for the court simply to change how it read the word “person” in the Fourteenth Amendment and its implementing legislation?  I don’t do civil rights litigation (too much illogic to it), but my understanding is that as to “official” government action, the courts have gone to great lengths to avoid characterizing states, their political subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities as such to be “persons acting under color of state law.”  That’s always puzzled me because I cannot for the life of me figure out how that can possibly be correct.  If you say that “person” cannot include a juridical person then how the hell do you extend the operation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to prohibit action by corporations?  So we agree that juridical persons can be “persons” for purposes of these laws.  Why should some juridical persons be “persons” but not others?  Where is the defensible point of distinction?  The court could simply have said something along the lines of, “OK, we rule that states, their political subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities are ‘persons’ for all purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment.  We further rule that a person’s failure to ensure that all officials, agencies, political subdivisions, and others answerable to that person extend the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to all individuals is a ‘denial’ of equal protection or due process, as applicable, to the same extent as if that person had acted in his, her, or its own right.”

Now observe what strategic avenues that simple change in reading opens up.  For starts, you’re down to 50 lawsuits, tops, against 50 states.  In those suits you can further use all the wrinkles and fillips of states’ laws and practices to demonstrate not so much that any particular component of a state’s actions violates the constitution, but to show the comprehensive pattern of in-fact behavior that the states were pursuing for the purpose and with the effect of denying equal protection and due process rights.  You don’t have to show that each last penny-ante elementary school doesn’t have X textbooks per pupil instead of Y.  All you have to show is that this is a prevailing pattern and the effects of the pattern where it exists.  You show the conditions in segregated jails and prisons.  You show the funding patterns and student outcomes of segregated colleges.  And so forth.  This then allows the court to find that, irrespective of what may or may not be the theoretical possibilities of segregation, the actual behaviors demonstrated, taken separately and in the aggregate, constitute a clear, intentional, and effective attempt to violate the constitution.

Going that route doesn’t require you to rule contrary to observable fact.  It doesn’t require you to grind your way piecemeal, in separate litigation, through the entire apparatus of state and local government.  It recognizes the fact that a law nominally neutral on its face can easily be so administered as to violate the constitution’s mandates and prohibitions (and by the way, that does not mean that it blesses bullshit arguments like “disparate impact” analysis).  And it recognizes the conspiratorial element in the entire Jim Crow project.]

As the Ripples of Domestic Espionage Spread

So the other morning, well before sunrise, I’m lying there in bed wide awake and trying not to think of anything that will keep me awake.  No, that didn’t work out real well.

I am of course a lawyer.  In fact I am a country lawyer.  My clients are area pepole and businesses, their families, and so forth.  Not exactly the book of business that a large city firm is going to bring me in as a partner to acquire, as I think I’ve finally got the wife to understand after almost 20 years of this.  But my clients like anyone else are tremendously keen on their own privacy, and are entitled to be that solicitous of it.

Back in the late-middle 1990s, there was a formal ethics opinion released (can’t recall whether it was our state ethics weenies or the ABA) on the propriety of communicating with clients via e-mail.  The opinion allowed that it was acceptable, and the stated reason for that conclusion was that there was no reason to suppose that e-mail was any materially less secure than the U.S. postal system.

Errrmmm, fellows:  That assumption is no longer warranted.  The few things that have been disclosed about the surveillance capabilities are frightening enough.  The one thing of which we can be sure is that the Director of National Intelligence is willing to lie to Congressional committees.  So are the senior staff of the IRS.  So is the U.S. Attorney General.  So is the former Secretary of State.  And so forth.  We must therefore assume that we have not been told the full extent of what they can do, what they have been doing, what they have been doing with it, and to whom that information has been further disseminated and for what purposes.

Thus, yesterday I sent the following letter to the chairman of our state ethics weenie commission:

I am writing you in your capacity as chair of the Board of Professional Responsibility to request a formal ethics opinion from the board in respect of the following questions:  

Q: What duty does a lawyer in  have to advise those of his clients with whom he communicates telephonically or via e-mail of the existence of federal domestic espionage programs under which undisclosed amounts and kinds of information and data is harvested from those communications by undisclosed agencies to be used for undisclosed purposes?  

Q: In light of the known existence of domestic espionage programs of undisclosed intent and purpose, may a lawyer ethically continue to communicate with his client other than face-to-face or via paper mail, with or without disclosure of the risk of espionage?  

Formal guidance on the subject for the practicing bar in <my state> is necessary because recent revelations – which I must emphasize are very fragmentary – render incorrect the foundation of the board’s earlier formal opinion that electronic mail is a permissible form for attorney-client communications. That opinion expressly stated as its basis that there was no reason to assume that e-mails were any less secure than the United States Postal Service. While no doubt true at the time, no reasonable person can make that assumption after what has come to light in the past weeks.  

I also emphasize that formal guidance from the Board is indispensable because as now appears to be indisputably the case, various agencies of the federal government are in fact willing to cooperate with each other in using the information each gathers for partisan political purposes. It is now conceded that the Internal Revenue Service targeted for adverse action an entire segment of the American political spectrum, and that at least some of the targets of its attentions were then subjected to otherwise-unexplained attentions from ostensibly unrelated federal agencies (e.g., the ATF and OSHA), or other divisions within the IRS itself, such as gift tax audits of donors disclosed on tax-exemption applications. It is likewise now known that the Service released to its political opponents confidential information in respect of an applicant for a tax-exempt ruling while the application was pending – a criminal offense.  

Under such circumstances no reasonable person may assume that the contents of any communication which is subject to being monitored – as we now know e-mails and telephone calls to be – will not be harvested, disseminated beyond its announced user, and deployed in manners directly targeted at one or more of the specific parties to a communication, for the purpose of injuring that party’s interests. Protestations to the contrary by federal bureaucrats are not entitled to be believed, whether made under oath or not.

I must say that I have no reasonable expectation of hearing back from them, either personally or via actual action on their part. 

 In the meantime, I have added to my usual “please trash this if you’ve received it erroneously” and IRS Circular 230 notice e-mail “signature” the following:

Federal Domestic Espionage Warning.  This e-mail may be routed over communications networks which are the subject of active, non-disclosed monitoring and recording by agencies of the United States government and/or its contractors under one or more programs which may or may not be authorized by statute and/or permissible under the U.S. Constitution.  The nature and extent of information gathered through such espionage have not been disclosed, nor have been disclosed the purposes to which such information is put, nor have been disclosed the identities of any other agencies or entities to which such information is further disseminated.

At least they can’t accuse me of ignoring the issue.

[Update 05 Dec 13]  Back when I sent my request to the ethics weenies, I received what is likely their standard-form reply (reminiscent of “send this bastard the bedbug letter” of railroading fame) that they’d take it up at their September, 2013 quarterly board meeting.  It will surprise no one any more than it did me that I have yet to see any indication that they have engaged with the issue.  And of course the extent and detail of the monitoring that has been revealed in the interim has only got more alarming.  We now know, for example, that the NSA routinely shares information with law enforcement agencies, among them the DEA.  So how, if you practice criminal law, especially federal criminal law, do you communicate with your clients?  And if you practice immigration law?  Or in fact if you practice any kind of law where you have a federal or state agency as the adverse party?

On Not Judging Ideas by Their Proponents

Everyone is familiar with the notion that the Nazis came up with the concept of a nation-wide system of high-speed, limited access, heavy-capacity highways.  The story about Eisenhower being so impressed with them that he decided to cover Atlanta in concrete may or may not be apocryphal.  But just because a bunch of guys up to their eyebrows in innocent blood came up with the idea that we now know as the interstate highway system doesn’t mean it was or is a bad idea.  By like token the observation that the road to hell is paved with good intentions reflects the flip side of that coin.

It’s now breathlessly reported that Intuit, the folks who brought us Tim Geithner TurboTax, which permits millions of Americans to navigate, more or less successfully, a tax code that may as well have been designed to thwart that purpose, has spent quite a bit of money lobbying against having the IRS send you a “free” pre-filled-out tax return for you to amend, or not, sign, and send back with your money.  I don’t think anyone with more than just walking around sense is going to suggest that Intuit’s motivations here are anything other than stifling competition for its products.  If the government were to — on the pretext of reducing “greenhouse gases” — open a nation-wide chain of oil-change and tune-up boutiques, what do you think JiffyLube, Speed Lube, and the other major operators are going to do?  Just sit there while a taxpayer-subsidized competitor destroys their business model? 

Remember that “taxpayer-subsidized” means your competitor is not exposed to the vicissitudes of having to Get It Right.  That’s not an unfounded concern, either.  Part of my ability to stay in business is through knowing my job and my industry better, and delivering a better product at a lower cost to my customers, when my ability to set my cost to my customers is a direct function of how low I can keep my own costs.  Taxpayer-subsidization means that my competitor’s ability to beat me fair and square is not contingent upon his knowing his shit better than I do.  It doesn’t matter if he’s an idiot and his costs are sixteen times mine; he can still offer his products and services for half what I have to charge to make payroll and keep the lights on (let alone take something home to make the house payment and put a can of baked beans in front of the chillerns).  And because I’m a taxpayer too, my taxpayer-subsidized competitor is subsidized . . . by me.  And by the way, once he’s driven me and all the other un-subsidized competitors out of business, what’s the likelihood that his products and services are going to continue to answer the customers’ needs in a positive manner?  To put a more concrete face on it, what if Congress said that it was going to underwrite the entire cost of USPS package and parcel delivery service?  What’s going to happen to FedEx, UPS, Averitt, and the rest?  What’s going to happen to customer service in the package and parcel trade, once USPS is the only provider because no one else can match its prices?

But it gets better:  Notice how the putative IRS service is touted as “free”?  Well, it’s only “free” to the people who use it to file their tax returns.  It’s anything but “free” to the taxpayers who are paying for it.  Paul Caron, who blogs over at TaxProfBlog and whose ruminations on tax-related subjects are generally stellar (he regularly is voted by the ABA membership, with reason, as one of the top 100 law-related blogs), notes that this “free” service could be a good fit for up to 40% of all filers.  Well isn’t that grand?  I can’t say with certainty how much overlap there is between the 40% of all filers who would be suitable to use this Countrylawyer-subsidized tax-preparation service and the over 40% of the population that pays zero income tax, but I’d wager there’s quite a bit.  Let me get this straight:  I, who every quarter have to sweat how I’m going to pay my quarterly tax hit and pay the mortgage at the same time, get to subsidize a “free” service for the principal benefit of a bunch of folks who have either little, zero, or negative tax liability (the EITC crowd).  And kindly don’t suggest to me that the subsidy won’t be all that much.  California is at $910 million and counting (they asked for just over $940 million, by the way) on setting up their Obamacare exchange, when a private company — Esurance — that performs exactly the same functions as these “exchanges” for all sorts of personal lines insurance (not just healthcare, in other words) all over the country got off the ground for less than $50 million.  And in fact the linked article even mentions that the jury’s not back on whether this wonderful “return-free” system would save or cost the IRS money, on net.  Sorry, guys, this “free” stuff just ain’t gettin’ it for me.

Thus, while I’m not going to take Intuit’s arguments against “free” government tax statements, I’m also not going to write those arguments off as being invalid because selfishly advanced.

Other opponents of the notion point to the government over-reach angle of it.  Get a “filled-out tax return” from the government, based on information it claims already to be in possession of, and what does Joe Citizen do?  “Gosh, they say this is the information they have; if I deny it, am I just asking to get audited?”  Or the folks who think they’re signing up for a free tax filing service and who think that what the government sends them is an actual tax bill, which they then have to pay, and so they do.  Let’s think about this in an analogy to another situation in which a government agency not known for its friendliness to and accommodation of those citizens it does business with — your local DA’s office and police department — sits an arrestee down and shoves a bunch of papers in front of him:  “Son, this is what we’ve got on you.  You don’t have to sign this confession; you’re free to mark it up if you want.  But we’ve got you on this.”  Arrestee doesn’t have a lawyer.  Does he sign?  Is anyone going to argue that’s a really neat way to do business?  Does anyone fail to see how the IRS dealing with taxpayers in the same fashion parallels the objectionable elements of this hypothetical?

Oh but the IRS would never, ever do something like this, would it?  I’ll simply observe that this is a governmental agency which officially takes the position that a taxpayer may not rely, in preparing his tax return or paying his taxes, on the answers given to him on the IRS’s own customer service lines, established for precisely the purpose of giving taxpayers assistance with complying with their tax obligations.  I’m supposed to accept, blindly, this outfit’s goodwill and promise not to dress up its “free” pre-filled-out tax return to look like a tax bill?  Not to put its thumb on the scales and overstate citizens’ tax liability, on the theory that not one in four will be willing to check their numbers or pay a third party to do a reality check?  Not to flag for audit the returns that come back to them with disputed numbers?  I may be dumb as a box of hammers, but I’m not dumb as a quarter-box of hammers.

On a more value-neutral matter, having the government <nudge-nudge> fill in your tax return for you has the effect of concealing from the taxpayer the complexity and burden of the tax laws.  What would be the public reaction if local jails routinely kept prisoners rotting in their own filth, but drugged to the point of unconsciousness?  Is it a violation of my 8th Amendment rights if I have no idea where I am, who I am, what day of the week it is, or anything else?  One of the more salubrious side-effects of making citizens grind their own way through their annual tax returns is that it rubs our noses in just how buggered up our tax laws actually are.  It serves as an annual dose of outrage at what goes on in Washington.  I will state here as a categorical proposition that anything which fails to heighten Americans’ sense of outrage at how badly managed our country is can be nothing but bad policy.

Finally, there is a point to be made as to which I am of two minds.  For starts, I am entirely opposed to rent-seeking behavior, such as much of that engaged in by the legal system.  There’s a reason, after all, that you’ll seldom see the ABA get behind any legal reform which is likely to reduce the amount of lawyering that ordinary Americans and American business need to get from one day to the next.  You’ll never see the ABA’s monthly trade magazine ask whether Issue X is something that the law and the court system really need to get involved with in the first place.  A number of years ago one of the senior judges on the Second Circuit Court of Appeals (can’t recall his name, now, alas) let the cat out of the bag at some law-related conference.  He observed that if you pay close attention to how courts decide cases, you’ll almost never see an opinion cast in a way which fails to maximize the power and influence of lawyers and judges.  The notion that there even exists a multi-billion dollar tax preparation industry out there, which has no human purpose at all other than satisfying a gratuitously complicated and confiscatory system of tax laws, offends me. 

On the other hand, we do in fact have a gratuitously complicated and confiscatory tax system.  So long as we do, citizens are going to require help to navigate it.  There are private people and companies willing to do that, for a fee.  While the necessity for that service is an abomination, the fact remains that it is a necessary and valuable service which one private party may provide to another private party, to their mutual advantage.  And the other side of me has a serious problem with the government undertaking to do, and shifting the cost of doing to unknown third parties, anything which private citizens can accomplish in an orderly, efficient fashion.

I have to say, on the balance I’m with Intuit on this one.

Section 5, The Self-Violating Statute

I do not practice voting rights law. I am more or less completely unfamiliar with the pronouncements of any court at any level on the various arcana of what does and does not comply with the provisions of applicable federal and/or state constitutions and statutes which govern the subject. So my ruminations on this subject should be discounted accordingly.

Recently the U.S. Supreme Court heard argument in a case involving Shelby County, Alabama and Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. That act was the result of Congress finally getting serious about enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment, which provides that voting rights may not be “denied or abridged” by reason of race. The second section of the amendment provides that Congress may enforce its provisions by “appropriate legislation.” The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were the so-called Reconstruction Amendments, adopted in response to the Southern states’ “Black Codes,” which were the efforts of the former Confederate states to re-impose, piece by piece, all of the legal disabilities associated with status as a slave, without actually having chattel slavery any more. 

Let’s just say that throughout more or less the entire South, and in more than a few parts of the country that had not been part of the secession, the Reconstruction Amendments were dead on arrival.  The state and local governments’ contempt for those amendments’ guarantees was so blatant that a reasonable person can only conclude that had they had been able to ignore the Thirteenth Amendment as well they would have. The old Confederacy’s bag of tricks to prevent blacks from casting ballots was almost limitless. It ran from outright personal violence to the infamous literacy tests, poll taxes, cock-eyed residency requirements, obscure registration requirements, disenfranchisement for any number of different reasons, and on and on. Among them also were the drawing of voting district and precinct boundaries so as to ensure that blacks, even if they all voted and all voted for the same candidate, would never be in a position to cast the majority of ballots in any single election. At-large districts were a favorite tool, where a densely-populated, largely black area was broken apart and its pieces each lumped in with a much larger, nearly all-white area, so that the whites could and would predictably out-vote the blacks. Poll taxes were outlawed by constitutional amendment, but that only took out one single block from a very strongly built edifice of oppression. 

By 1965 the balance of the country had finally had enough, and the Voting Rights Act was the result. Among its provisions was Section 5, which applied only to certain states, and which subjected all changes in those states’ voting laws, voting qualifications, redistricting, and other related measures to review and pre-approval in Washington (interestingly Congress didn’t even trust the local federal judiciary to have the balls to enforce the act’s requirements). A state or political subdivision or other voting district (such as a school district) which wished to change its voting practices (for want of a more technical description) could either file a declaratory judgment action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia seeking a determination that the proposed changes did not violate applicable law, or it could ask for an administrative review and approval by the U.S. Department of Justice. 

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 came with a sunset clause, but each time it’s come up for re-authorization that’s handily been done. Initially the re-authorization was for seven-year increments, but beginning in the 1970s and then again in 2006 re-authorization has been for 25-year periods. Here’s the text of Section 5 (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1973c) as it was re-authorized in the 1970s, and remained in force through 2006: 

“Whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 1973b(a) of this title based upon determinations made under the first sentence of section 1973b(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1964, or whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 1973b(a) of this title based upon determinations made under the second sentence of section 1973b(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1968, or whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 1973b(a) of this title based upon determinations made under the third sentence of section 1973b(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1972, such State or subdivision may institute an action in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for a declaratory judgment that such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure does not have the purpose and will not have the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title, and unless and until the court enters such judgment no person shall be denied the right to vote for failure to comply with such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure: Provided, That such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure may be enforced without such proceeding if the qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure has been submitted by the chief legal officer or other appropriate official of such State or subdivision to the Attorney General and the Attorney General has not interposed an objection within sixty days after such submission, or upon good cause shown, to facilitate an expedited approval within sixty days after such submission, the Attorney General has affirmatively indicated that such objection will not be made. Neither an affirmative indication by the Attorney General that no objection will be made, nor the Attorney General’s failure to object, nor a declaratory judgment entered under this section shall bar a subsequent action to enjoin enforcement of such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure. In the event the Attorney General affirmatively indicates that no objection will be made within the sixty-day period following receipt of a submission, the Attorney General may reserve the right to reexamine the submission if additional information comes to his attention during the remainder of the sixty-day period which would otherwise require objection in accordance with this section. Any action under this section shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges in accordance with the provisions of section 2284 of Title 28 and any appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court.”

 What’s interesting is that neither the declaratory judgment option nor the administrative review option has any preclusive effect upon a subsequently filed lawsuit to enjoin the changes’ effectiveness. But more to the point, let’s focus on what Section 5 prohibits: Changes that “have the purpose [or] have the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title.” The test is two-pronged, both subjective (intent) and objective (effect). The situation which must be shown not to be aimed at or effected is the denial or abridgement of the right to vote “on account of race” or contrary to the guarantees of Section 1973b(f)(2). As one might suppose, the courts have not been at a loss to find any number of proposed arrangements either to evidence the intent to diminish voting rights on account of race or to have that effect.

It’s been nearly 50 years since the Voting Rights Act was adopted. Across large areas of the South, voting participation by blacks now closely mirrors that of their white fellow-citizens. Similar proportions of eligible citizens register, and similar proportions of registered voters actually do so. More to the point, black voting participation rates in large areas of the South now exceed comparable measures in many areas of the North, including specifically some areas which are commonly (and justifiably, in many cases) viewed as having been at the forefront of the national struggles to end slavery and a hundred years later to fight for civil rights. Blacks are elected to public office not only by other blacks, but also by whites as well. One thinks of Allen West of Florida and J. C. Watts of Oklahoma. Mia Love in Colorado came within a whisker of winning election to Congress in 2012. There are also whites in Congress who regularly win election in so-called “majority-minority” districts; one thinks of Steven Cohen of Tennessee. If I were more of a political junkie I’m sure I could come up with numerous other examples of each; those are just the ones that come to mind as I sit here on the couch. Racially-motivated voter suppression is now a two-way street. The New Black Panther Party case came out of Philadelphia, and involved armed black thugs intimidating white voters. There was another case – in Mississippi, of all places – in which a black public official got busted for suppressing white votes. 

So you can pardon, perhaps, folks looking around and asking, if voters across the old Confederacy now behave alike, irrespective of race, and participate in the process in ways that are not explicable with reference to race (as opposed to other, legally unobjectionable markers which do happen statistically to correlate with race, such as felony conviction rates, which have a disparately negative impact on blacks’ voting rights in general (in most places felons can’t vote), and black males specifically), why it is that some parts of the country but not others must still go through this pre-clearance nonsense. It’s not as though anyone’s proposing to exempt anyone in any part of the country from the duty to refrain from denying or abridging voting rights on account of race. But why is there still a statutory presumption that governments in some but not other parts of the country are still up to their old tricks, a half-century later? 

But it gets better. The existing Section 5 wasn’t good enough the last time the act was re-authorized, in 2006. Now the text of 42 U.S.C. § 1973c reads like this (new matter in italics): 

(a) Whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 1973b(a) of this title based upon determinations made under the first sentence of section 1973b(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1964, or whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 1973b(a) of this title based upon determinations made under the second sentence of section 1973b(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1968, or whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 1973b(a) of this title based upon determinations made under the third sentence of section 1973b(b) of this title are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1972, such State or subdivision may institute an action in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for a declaratory judgment that such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure neither has the purpose nor will have the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title, and unless and until the court enters such judgment no person shall be denied the right to vote for failure to comply with such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure: Provided, That such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure may be enforced without such proceeding if the qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure has been submitted by the chief legal officer or other appropriate official of such State or subdivision to the Attorney General and the Attorney General has not interposed an objection within sixty days after such submission, or upon good cause shown, to facilitate an expedited approval within sixty days after such submission, the Attorney General has affirmatively indicated that such objection will not be made. Neither an affirmative indication by the Attorney General that no objection will be made, nor the Attorney General’s failure to object, nor a declaratory judgment entered under this section shall bar a subsequent action to enjoin enforcement of such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure. In the event the Attorney General affirmatively indicates that no objection will be made within the sixty-day period following receipt of a submission, the Attorney General may reserve the right to reexamine the submission if additional information comes to his attention during the remainder of the sixty-day period which would otherwise require objection in accordance with this section. Any action under this section shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges in accordance with the provisions of section 2284 of Title 28 and any appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court.

(b) Any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting that has the purpose of or will have the effect of diminishing the ability of any citizens of the United States on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 1973b(f)(2) of this title, to elect their preferred candidates of choice denies or abridges the right to vote within the meaning of subsection (a) of this section. 

(c) The term “purpose” in subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall include any discriminatory purpose. 

(d) The purpose of subsection (b) of this section is to protect the ability of such citizens to elect their preferred candidates of choice.

Pay close attention to new subsection (b) and what it must assume in order to make any sense at all. Anything that has either the purpose or effect of – “on account of race” – diminishing citizens’ ability to “elect their preferred candidates of choice” is declared to violate the strictures of subsection (a). Notice that what’s being aimed at is no longer voting for one’s candidate, but actually electing one’s candidate; it’s the outcome that is now the objective, not the process. Now exactly how can anyone discern that one’s ability to elect one’s “preferred candidates of choice” (by the way that redundant formulation is indication of sloppy logic on the draftsman’s part) has been or may be adversely affected specifically on account of race without assuming that people of specific races must necessarily want, by reason of their race, to vote for specific candidates and not others? More to the point, subsection (b) assumes that a group of three judges sitting in Washington can decide who a bunch of black voters really want to vote for. You have to make that assumption because without it you cannot measure whether something has had the effect of diminishing any group’s ability to elect a candidate (and you have to make the measurement at the group level because no single voter can elect anyone to office).

And here we have the left’s bird-dogging their goal: It’s not that the left objects to blacks’ being denied the right to vote, because they aren’t any more, or at least not because of the color of their skin. What the left objects to is how blacks exercise that right. In the left’s view, a black citizen’s franchise in fact does not belong to him as an individual but merely as a unit of a group which is defined for him – into which he is defined, you can say – by a bunch of guys in Washington. The result is that a black voter who lives in an area where there is a concentration of voters who superficially look like him is going to find himself gerrymandered into a voting district that has been tinkered with, stretched, and twisted to produce a specific pattern of electoral outcomes. It does not matter that he has or may have nothing at all in common – other than his skin color – with the vast majority of his fellow voters in that district, who may live not just miles but hours away from him. His interests, his objectives, his policy preferences, his mode of existence, his life habits, may be entirely at odds with his fellow voters in the district. But a bunch of guys at the DOJ get to decide that, because he is black, he must want to vote for a specific and definable narrow range of candidates, and they – not he – get to decide who those candidates are.

Pray tell me how is that black voter not being denied a reasonable ability to elect his preferred candidates, and when he is lumped in with other voters for no reason but his skin color, how is that denial not occurring on account of his race? We have created the perverse situation where Section 5 effectively mandates its own violation.

Many people who make a habit of reading the Supreme Court tea leaves are cautiously hopeful that Section 5, the constitutionality of which is directly attacked by Shelby County, will be struck down. I am not so hopeful as they. This is the same court, after all, which last year ruled that Congress can tax you for not doing what it cannot constitutionally compel you to do (are we next to see a tax on criminal defendants who refuse to testify? after all, we’re not making them testify against themselves, we’re just taxing them to recover some of the undeniable economic externalities of having to convict criminals without their active cooperation).

Either this country is founded on legal distinctions between groups of people we arbitrarily call “races,” or it is not. If it is, then we might as well have saved ourselves the trouble of a civil war and a civil rights struggle, because this circle will complete itself. If we do not consciously and steadfastly turn our backs on the notion that some groups of people must be treated differently because of arbitrarily-chosen physical characteristics, then eventually we get back to where we were in the 1890s, when Plessy was the law of the land. If it is not so founded, then Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act needs to be composted.

Update [25 June 2013]:  And the ruling is in.  Section 5, at least insofar as it relies on a formula cobbled together in the 1960s, and which no one alleges can still be shown to exist anywhere, is unconsitutional.  Full opinion here.  Haven’t read the full thing yet (Thomas’s concurring opinion is, as usual, the most straightforward of the lot), but the take by the professional tea-readers is that it’s going to be awfully hard for Congress to come up with a formula that will pass muster.  Which means it’s going to be interesting to see Congress try to reimpose the ability for a left-wing bureaucracy to bugger around only those states not likely to vote for Democrat candidates.